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- <text id=94TT0797>
- <title>
- Jun. 20, 1994: Essay:Population: The Awkward Truth
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Jun. 20, 1994 The War on Welfare Mothers
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ESSAY, Page 74
- Population: The Awkward Truth
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By Eugene Linden
- </p>
- <p> Why do Mexican immigrants in Los Angeles tend to have more
- children than impoverished peasants living in Mexico City? The
- answer helps explain why the international community has so far
- failed to slow the population explosion, and why it will
- probably fail again this fall when delegates from 180 nations
- meet in Cairo to address the issue. But first a little
- background.
- </p>
- <p> Twenty years ago in Bucharest, the United Nations World
- Population Conference produced a wish list of things governments
- might do to get a grip on population: improve the status of
- women, expand access to health care, alleviate poverty. With the
- notable exception of Africa, the world has made progress in
- these areas: infant mortality has declined, as has the
- percentage of people who live in abject poverty, and the Green
- Revolution has improved the diet of hundreds of millions of
- people.
- </p>
- <p> Despite this progress, the global population situation is
- far more dire than it was back then. In 1974 the world had
- roughly 3.9 billion people and was growing by 80 million a year.
- Since then the world's population has grown nearly 1.7 billion,
- and it now increases 90 million annually. Today the Green
- Revolution falters, ecosystems are badly degraded and
- fresh-water supplies continue to shrink. It is open to question
- whether the world can feed the 3 billion to 5 billion mouths
- that will be added during the next 50 years.Refugees produced
- by population pressures in Africa and Asia already threaten to
- destabilize nations.
- </p>
- <p> And so delegates from 180 nations will meet in Cairo for
- another go at the population problem. Advocacy groups and
- bureaucrats alike trumpet this conference as a breakthrough
- because it will focus on women's issues. In U.N.-speak, however,
- that translates into a catalog of desiderata ranging from
- appeals to eliminate sexual stereotypes to calls for men to do
- more housework--nice-sounding proposals that are irrelevant
- to population control in many of the traditional cultures of the
- Third World.
- </p>
- <p> In fact, this effort is unlikely to be any more effective
- than the agenda that came out of Bucharest 20 years ago.
- Reason: the principal assumption underlying decades of efforts
- to halt the population explosion turns out to be questionable
- at best. This is the "demographic transition," the notion that
- people will have fewer children as their sense of well-being
- increases. It has been embraced by such strange bedfellows as
- the Reagan Administration and Vice President Al Gore because it
- offers the bland assurance that a nation can achieve the aims
- of family planning in the course of economic development.
- </p>
- <p> Trouble is, it often turns out that people have more
- children as their sense of well-being increases, particularly
- when technological advance or government largesse give them the
- idea that the old limits no longer apply. So argues Vanderbilt
- University anthropologist Virginia Abernethy and a growing
- cohort of critics. In Kenya, for instance, total fertility rose
- from 7.5 live births per woman in the mid-1950s to 8.12 in the
- 1960s and '70s even as infant mortality declined and incomes
- rose.
- </p>
- <p> Conversely, it seems that countries often show a dramatic
- drop in their birthrate not because of prosperity but because
- of a decrease in people's sense of well-being. For instance, a
- study of Nigerian communities revealed that bad economic times
- in recent years caused young Yoruba families to turn to
- contraception even though infant mortality was rising--a
- development that directly contradicts conventional wisdom about
- the demographic transition.
- </p>
- <p> This is not to argue that poverty is the way to control
- population, but to point out that policymakers, in their
- eagerness to embrace a politically correct approach to a
- sensitive issue, frequently ignore what determines family size.
- This brings us back to the question of the Mexican mothers.
- </p>
- <p> Conventional wisdom holds that poor women in Mexico City
- should have more children than their counterparts in the U.S.
- who have better health care and a higher standard of living. But
- peasant families tend to have two or three children in Mexico
- City, while those who immigrate to the U.S. average four or five
- children. In crowded Mexico City each child imposes steep costs
- on a family, while in the U.S. welfare payments and other social
- safety nets buffer those costs. These skewed incentives convey
- similar signals to poor young women in America's inner cities,
- who in many cases see no reason to defer having children.
- </p>
- <p> Delegates going to Cairo should keep these subtle signals
- in mind and scale back their ambitions to reform the world as
- they formulate their action plan. Government programs that
- subsidize jobs or housing can spur population growth by giving
- people false confidence in the future, while a tiny loan that
- enables a woman in Bangladesh to buy a sewing machine to start
- a business may give her an incentive to limit the number of
- children she bears. Such empowerment is more achievable in the
- developing world than paid maternal leave, day care and other
- high-minded calls that characterize population summits.
- </p>
- <p> Finally, 120 million couples who would like to limit their
- family size still lack easy access to contraception. We must
- help them get it. Promoting the use of condoms also helps impede
- the spread of aids. If governments continue to fiddle while
- human numbers explode, it becomes ever more likely the horsemen
- of famine, disease and anarchy will have their day.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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